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The Hakka (), sometimes Hakka Han,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hakka culture GuangdongCulture http://www.newsgd.com )〕 are Han Chinese people who speak Hakka Chinese and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Sichuan, Hunan and Fujian in China. Though the majority of the Hakka live in Guangdong, they have a distinct identity from the Cantonese people. The Chinese characters for ''Hakka'' (客家) literally mean "guest families". The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago and north China a thousand years ago. The Hakkas are thought to originate from the lands bordering the Yellow River (i.e., the modern northern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Henan, and Hubei).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Hakka : The Jews of Asia )〕 In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in south China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Welcome to Longyan Municipal People's Government,PRC. )〕 The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka speakers is smaller.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hakka )〕 Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history; in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government and military leaders. ==Origins, migrations and group identification== It is commonly held that the Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in northern China.〔 To trace their origins, three accepted theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists, and historians:〔 firstly, the Hakka are Han Chinese originating solely from the Central Plain in China containing today's Shanxi and Henan provinces;〔 secondly, the Hakka are Han Chinese from the Central Plain, with some inflow of those already in the south;〔 or, thirdly, the majority of the Hakka are Han Chinese from the south, with portions coming from those in the north.〔 The latter two theories are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies.〔 Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakka's origins may also be linked with the Han's ancient neighbors, the Dongyi and Xiongnu people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Related Topics: Non-legal Considerations: Language )〕 This is disputed, however, by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered controversial. Hakka–Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee states in the book by Chung Yoon-Ngan ''The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes'', which takes on the subject with a more mediatory approach, avoiding polarizing political and racial claims and insinuations, explains that the potential Hakka origins from the northern Han and Xiongnu, and that of the indigenous southern She (畬族) and Yue (越族) tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka"; pointing out that the problem with "DNA typing" on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who are really the southern Chinese, because many southern Chinese are also from northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two afore-mentioned tribes during the Jin dynasty (265–420). Since the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the ancestors of the Hakka have migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions.〔 Subsequent migrations also occurred at the end of the Tang dynasty in the 10th century and during the end of the Northern Song dynasty in the 1120s, the last of which saw a massive flood of refugees fleeing southward when the Jurchens captured the northern Song capital of Bianliang (modern-day Kaifeng) in the Jingkang Incident of the Jin–Song Wars. The precise movements of the Hakka people remain unclear during the 14th century when the Ming dynasty overthrew the Yuan and subsequently fell to the Manchus who formed the Qing dynasty in the 17th century. During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) in the Qing Dynasty, the coastal regions were evacuated by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to the island of Taiwan. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Households" (客戶, kèhù). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hakka people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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